Korean Language History free essay sample

The Korean language is attested from the early centuries of the Common Era, in the Chinese script. Syllabic hangul script is only introduced in the middle Korean period in the 15th century. Contriversy remains over the classification of Korean as Altaic. While majority of linguist consider Korean to be a language isolate, there have been attempts to link it with other languages in the region. Since the article of Ramstedt, some lingust support the hypothese that Korean can be classified as Altic. Old Korean corresponds to the Korean language from the beginning of three kindoms period to the later part of The unified Silla period approximately from the 1st to the 10th century. Old Korean may have been a tanal language, its unclear. It is also assumed that ald Korean was divided into dialects corresponding to the three kingdoms. These hypothetical subdivisions of old Korean are also know as Buyeo languages. We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Language History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The silla language is the best attested due to the political domination of unified silla by the 7th century. Middle Korean corresponds to korean spoken from the 10th to the 16th centurries, or from the era of Gorueo to the middle of Josean. The language standard of this period is based on the dialext of Gaeseong because the new Goryea Dynasty moved its capital city to the north area of the korean peninsula. Gyerim Ryusa, a collection of several hundred items of koreans vocabulary with the pronunication indicated throught the use of chinese characters. Mondern korean corresponds to the korean spoken from the 17th century onward. North and south Dirrerences in forean have developed, including variance in pronunication, verd inflection and vocabulary over the decades following the korean war and the division of Korea.

Listing of the Worlds Longest Rivers

Listing of the World's Longest Rivers This following is a list of the 10 longest rivers in the world, according to the Times Atlas of the World. Only 111 miles apart, the Nile River in Africa is the longest river in the world in comparison to its runner-up, the Amazon River, located in South America. Discover some key facts about each river and their residence country, along with its length in miles and kilometers. 1. Nile River, Africa 4,160 miles; 6,695 kmThis international river has a drainage basin that extends to 11 countries from Tanzania to Eritrea, proving water as a core resource to countries like Egypt and Sudan. 2. Amazon River, South America 4,049 miles; 6,516 kmKnown as the second longest river, The Amazon River starts in North Eastern Brazil and is the only river with the largest amount of water flowing through it at any moment in time. 3. Yangtze River, Asia 3,964 miles; 6,380 kmRecognized as the third longest river in the world and the longest one in Asia, this rivers name translates to child of the ocean.   4. Mississippi-Missouri River System, North America 3,709 miles; 5,969 kmThe Missouri River is, hydrologically, the upstream continuation of the Mississippi River as the Missouri River carries more water than the Mississippi River at the confluence of the two rivers. 5. Ob-Irtysh Rivers, Asia 3,459 miles; 5,568 kmThis river consists of the Ob, which is the primary river that connects to the Irtysh River and flows through Russia. For half of the year, the river is frozen. 6. Yenisey-Angara-Selenga Rivers, Asia 3,448 miles; 5550 kmThis is the river of central Russia and one of the several longest rivers in Asia.  Despite being short, it has 1.5x more flow than the Mississippi-Missouri river. 7. Huang He (Yellow River), Asia 3,395 miles; 5,464 kmOften called the cradle of Chinese civilization, the Huang He River is Chinas second longest river.  Unfortunately, the government in China has claimed that the rivers water is so polluted and full of waste that people are unable to drink it. In fact, it is believed that at least 30% of fish species have become entirely extinct. 8. Congo River, Africa 2,900 miles; 4,667 kmThe primary means of transportation in Central Florida, the river creates over 9,000 miles of shipping routes that transport everyday goods.  This river is home to the highest amount of unique species in the world and is the deepest river in the world. 9. Rio de la Plata-Parana, South America 2,796 miles; 4,500 kmThe Rio de la Plata river starts at the beginning of the Uruguay and Panama Rivers. This is a very important economic resource for countries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, as the estuary is the core fishing ground from the area and acts as the main water resource.   10. Mekong River, Asia 2,749 miles; 4,425 kmLocated in Southeast Asia, the Mekong River travels through Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and the South China Sea.  It is the main hub for culture and transportation for Vietnamese villagers, as business owners create floating markets where they sell various goods such as fish, candy fruits, and vegetables.

Intellectual Freedom Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intellectual Freedom - Speech or Presentation Example The librarian does not have the authority to remove works from a public library based on a private complaint, but there is a review and ratings process established by the ALA in 1986 to assist librarians with taking complaints on these types of censorship or moral objection issues. This rating system includes completing a Challenge Rating form that includes: â€Å"Expression of Concern. An inquiry that has judgmental overtones.† â€Å"Oral Complaint. An oral challenge to the presence and/or appropriateness of the material in question.† â€Å"Written Complaint. A formal, written complaint filed with the institution (library, school, etc.), challenging the presence and/or appropriateness of specific material.† â€Å"Public Attack. A publicly disseminated statement challenging the value of the material, presented to the media and/or others outside the institutional organization in order to gain public support for further action.† â€Å"Censorship. A change i n the access status of material, based on the content of the work and made by a governing authority or its representatives. Such changes include exclusion, restriction, removal, or age/grade level changes.† (ALA, 2011) The first level involves an expression of concern. The librarian can fill out the Challenge Rating form with the details of the citizen’s complaint and submit it to library management for review and forwarding to ALA central offices. If enough people do complain about a work, there is the possibility to start a wider review of the work by ALA and local library staff to determine if the minority claim has validity or merit. The expression of concern can be seen as a moderate questioning by the public member and the oral complaint represents an escalation to the formal registration of issues with library staff. In this instance, the librarian should explain the applicable ALA rules regarding complaints to the person, as well as the review system, taking the ir name, address, and contact information for further contact should the need arise. These details can be included on the Challenge Rating form for forwarding to the ALA central office as required or recommended by management staff. A written complaint gives the public individual the opportunity to submit a statement in his or her own words as to what exactly is found offensive or objectionable in the work, and should otherwise be collected with the contact information of the person filing the complaint with copies forwarded to library management staff and ALA central offices. In instances of formal written complaints, ALA may be able to recommend legal experts who can mediate between the local librarians and the parties making the claim. A public attack may involve media stories, letters to the editor, demonstrations, flyers, documentaries, or other forms of publicity that target a work or public library. These will be noted on the challenge form only in the direct involvement of t he local branch in the demonstration activity. In some instances, actual censorship may result in works that are deemed obscene or morally objectionable to the standards of the community. These can be both court ordered and ALA recommended censorship requirements that involve the

Cell biology &genetics - lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cell biology &genetics - lab report - Essay Example The objective of this experiment is to observe the several stages of mitosis in an onion root cell through a light microscope. Onion root tips were prepared by washing in clean water then rinsing with distilled water. After this, a root tip section about 2mm in thickness was cut from the root tip using a sterilized scalpel; this was then placed on a glass slide with a drop of distilled water on it to avoid dehydration. Afterwards the root tip section was them fixed in Carnoy’s fluid inside a Bijou bottle for about 10 minutes. After fixing, the section was then transferred to a Petri dish containing distilled water where it was rinsed for approximately 2 minutes. After rinsing, the root tip section was then placed inside a bijou bottle containing 1 ml of 1M HCl and incubated at about 60ï‚ °C for about 5 minutes. The contents of the tube were then poured into a Petri dish and the root tip carefully picked out using forceps and transferred into another Bijou bottle containing aceto-orcein which was then left in a dark chamber for about 10 minutes. The bottle was then removed from the chamber and the root tip carefully removed using forceps and placed on a slide on which a drop of 45% acetic acid had been placed, this was then covered with a cover slip. By this time the root tip section was already well softened and stained; the tip was then squashed by slightly tapping on the cover slip with a pencil until it was evenly spread out under the cover slip as a pink mass. The glass slide with the root tip ready for observation on the microscope was then transferred to a light microscope and viewed at x400 magnification strength. Photographs of the cells undergoing mitosis were then taken and drawings made of the various stages of mitosis. It was observed in the experiment that the cell division process assumed all the four stages shown in the images above and that the staining clearly revealed the features of all the four stages it takes for a cell

The importance of statistics and consumer research in marketing Essay

The importance of statistics and consumer research in marketing - Essay Example In this way, both consumer research and statistics are found involved in marketing operation. This study is going to explore of how consumer research and statistics are important to marketing. The importance in terms of application and the outcome will be explored and described in this study. The objective here is to understand the relationships between marketing and consumer research and between marketing and statistics altogether. Importance of Consumer Research and Statistics in Marketing During marketing operation, strategists and marketers are keen to understand their consumers. They are deliberately in search of knowing their consumers’ perception, behaviors and their buying attitudes which help the marketers to bring effective marketing campaigns and strategies (Roosi and Allenby). For this comprehensive knowing and understanding, marketers plan the operation of consumer research which digs out all the information pertinent to consumers and their behaviors. Decisively, consumer needs and wants are uncovered through market consumer research (Mazzocchi). Consumer research basically gives the manifestation about how customers behave and what are their levels of motivations towards specific products or services. This research sets the direction for marketers that they bring a comprehensive marketing strategy, which is closer to consumers’ behaviors and their buying choices (Mazzocchi 10). ... Marketers conduct consumer research in order to understand the dynamics of a particular market. Definitely, each market has a distinctive background and which modifies or changes with the aspect of time and with the changes in attributes and characteristics of consumers present in that market (Mazzocchi). For understanding the varying dimensions of a market, the varying dimensions of consumers are important to be known, which is only possible by conducting effective consumer research and consumer diagnosis. Without studying the market and consumers trends, a marketer cannot devise a sound workable marketing strategy (Roosi and Allenby). The strategy, which can impact the dynamics of a market and can attract diverse market consumer, may certainly require a comprehensive consumer research. For all these reasons, marketers consider consumer research as a significant part of marketing planning. They realize that without consumer research, marketing plans cannot be effectuated or even ini tialized. A well-organized consumer research is actually a source to ideate a well-incorporated marketing plan. This indicates that strategically and distinctively there is a significant relationship between consumer research and marketing. Without consumer research marketing is incomplete and similarly without marketing consumer research is reasonless or futile. This shows a certain sort of connection between marketing and consumer research. Both are part of each other and so are dependent on each other (Mazzocchi 30). In marketing, the core objective of consumer research is to gather consumer related information. This process of information collection in consumer research is made possible by means of statistical models and techniques. There are different

Strategic Decision Making In A Textile Company Information Technology Essay

Strategic Decision Making In A Textile Company Information Technology Essay The textile and apparel industry stands out prominently as one of the most globalized industries in the world today. It is different from producer driven supply chains led by multinational companies. The apparel industry is a Buyer-driven commodity chain led by a coalition of retailers, contractors, subcontractors, merchandisers, buyers, and suppliers. Each participating entity plays a role in a network of supply chains which span from fibers, to yarn, to fabrics, to accessories, to garments, to trading and marketing. Geographically, they span multi-continents and crosses regional and national boundaries. With the reducing profit margin and impact of modern computing communication networks, it is essential that any textile and apparel industry seriously consider establishing a cost effective IT infrastructure to maintain their competitive edge. Research will be carried out in small and medium scale apparel industries. The study of the research will be to identify; What information they require when making decisions The use of IT and IS when making decisions Recommendation of suitable IT infrastructure 1.3 Project Aim As the manufacturing industry becomes more globalized, the multi-factory supply-chain model has emerged. When several production lines are producing different products on one supply chain, it could generate loads of information and data to be exchanged, supplied and received. The garment-manufacturing industry always aims for new product development and efficiency improvement in production. In past years, advanced computer technologies already facilitate new manufacturing operation and build up management tools. Todays manufacturers are looking towards more advances and benefits with their focuses shifted to many different types of networking tools. These tools do enable them to seek better opportunities on more complicated areas working with RFID like inventory control and supply-chain management, as well as the B2B e-commerce transactions. However, while employing this latest technology, manufacturers are facing a long-standing problem how the new technologies and systems can brin g better coverage and practicality to the running of the companies. 1.4 Project Objectives The objectives of this project are in two folds notably research and experimental objectives. The research objectives focus on the identification of relevant techniques and knowledge that could possibly emerge during the conduct of this project. On the other hand the experimental objectives deal with specific processes, software or other materials including simulation models and programming codes that may be constructed to facilitate the smooth conduct of this project. Research will be carried out study how IT and IS supports to all the levels of decision making and the tools which is used by the companies. By identify what type of decisions and what information they represent suggest the use of certain analytical tools to enhance support measures for decisions in apparel industry. Techniques from operations research are applied to develop profit optimization and cost minimization models. Statistics and accounting methods are used for comparing costs of sourcing collaborations, and b asic math is used in cost estimates. The overall main and core research questions of this study is to analyze how the IS and IT influences the apparel trade when making decisions. More specifically, what are the pros and cons in tools and how that influences the apparel decision making process? In order to carry out the research further the main research question will be : What is the impact of IS and IT on strategic decision in an organisation using a textile company as a case study? Below are the objectives of this work. What are the strategic decisions What are the strategic decisions in Textile Company What are the factors which impact strategic decision What are the features of information required in strategic decisions How has IS/IT influenced strategic decision in the organisation under study What are future recommendation to use IS/IT to benefit strategic decision in textile organisation 1.3 Rationale Of Study Rationale of the study will be carried out to offers combination of fast growing IT IS which provides higher level of visibility and control to make decisions. For fashion professionals with a more usage-oriented approach, attempt to demonstrate the usefulness of available analytical and mathematical tools, which could benefit profits and support sourcing decisions. Most of the apparel companies devoted a huge amount of effort on decision making process using IT to improve efficiency. Information System (IS) and Information technology (IT) can be eventually lead to the development and creation of any kind of decision making and enhances the decision effectiveness in industry, using the data to decision model as a basis. In many respects, economy of any country in the world has been coordinated by the visible hand of the government decisions. The world economy is becoming a borderless one, which directly affects the economy of any country driving it into an open economy. The rising c ost of production factors, wage rates, interest rates, GDP, inflation rate, etc stalls economic growth. Both public and private sectors are looking for ways to maintain their competitive edge by improving economic efficiency, and one of those efforts is the use of Information Technology and Information Systems. They are making an utmost effort to build the information-communication infrastructure, and promoting to explore new business opportunities using IS and IT. Identify threats and opportunities: Chapter 2 Literature Review Introduction to the CASE study: The textile /apparel pipeline is a series of interrelates activities which originates with the manufacture of fiber and culminates in the delivery of a product into the hands of the consumer. Information Technology (IT): In the 1960s and 1970s, the term  information  technology  (IT) was a little known phrase that was used by those who worked in places like banks and hospitals to describe the processes they used to store  information. With the paradigm shift to computing  technology  and paperless workplaces,  information  technology  has come to be a household phrase. It defines an industry that uses computers, networking, software programming, and other equipment and processes to store, process, retrieve, transmit, and protect  information. Information Systems (IS): The largest growth in most economies is coming from information industries. The success of such knowledge-based organizations lies in their information systems. Also, forced by technological change and globalization of markets, many manufacturing industries are also placing increasing emphasis upon information systems. Information systems are more than just computer programs. Though information and communications technologies are playing an increasing role in meeting organizations information needs, an information system is a much more general concept. It refers to the wider systems of people, data and activities, both computer-based and manual, that effectively gather, process, store and disseminates organizations information. Information systems, as a discipline, focus on exploring the interface between management, information science and computer science. Computer Science focuses on information technology: software. Information Systems mediates the two opposing worlds of human activity systems and information technology. Strategic Decisions : In most businesses, a few decisions make the difference between superior performance and ordinary results. But strategic decisions are seldom easy. They call for high quality analysis and strategic thinking, in order to select the right decision from amongst the many possible options. They also depend on skills in managing the decision process, including sequencing activities, defining roles, effective teamwork and handling the people side. This practical and highly interactive programme will help you improve the quality of your strategic decision making, providing practical tools for addressing both the analytic and process management challenges. Strategic decision address the business of today and the future, not only markets and decision making but also social developments, implications of strategy on the organizational structure and climate (Hussey,1990). Examples of strategic decision problems can be found in the areas of marketing, pricing, investment, financing, production changes, production technology, etc.. Information systems are tools to assist executives in strategic management (Liu and Savolainen, 1994a-c, Partanen and Savolainen,1995,Walden,1992). They offer analytical facilities to assist in clarifying complex problems in behavioral thinking, competitor and enviormental analysis , value chains and performance ,etc., Strategic decisions should be well planned and well controlled. Strategic planning is a complex decision making process for the corporation that includes planning and modifying of organizational objectives, resources for implementing them and utilization of the resources (Ansoff ad McDonnell, 1990) Strategic decisions can be classified as Structured decisions : Semi- structured decisions : Unstructured decisions : Impact of IS and IT in Strategic Decisions : From new business models to new types of business, information technology has become a key driver of business and an essential component of corporate strategy. But simply acquiring technology is not enough; organizations must manage IT effectively to gain the competitive advantage. Henry Lucass Information Technology: Strategic Decision Making for Managers focuses on the key knowledge and skills you need to take an active role in managing technology and obtain the maximum benefits from investing in IT. Offering streamlined, up-to-date coverage, the text is ideally suited for MBA students or anyone who wants to learn more about how to gain the competitive advantage by successfully managing IT. Focuses on managerial issues: This text explores the many real technology issues confronting todays managers, such as what to do with legacy systems, when to outsource, and how to choose a source of processing and services. Shows how to evaluate IT investments: Two full chapters cover the value of information technology and how to evaluate IT project proposals using both net present value and real options approaches. Balances technical and managerial coverage: This balance helps you understand how diverse companies have developed their IT architectures and environments. Explains the various applications of technology: Concrete examples illustrate major IT applications, such as ecommerce, ERP, CRM, decision and intelligent systems, and knowledge management. Problems in which the stakes are extremely high, in which human perceptions and judgments are involved, and whose solutions have long-term repercussions, call for a rational approach to their solution. Various techniques are in use for decision making at the strategic level. However, at this level the problems are ill defined are usually presents in terms that are uncertain, fuzzy and confusing, while problem-solving techniques based on sound mathematical principles can only be applied to systematic and well-formed problems. This mismatch between problems and their solution methods leads to the frustration of top decision makers and their loss of confidence inn mathematical techniques. In todays highly uncertain world making a decision which has long term implications requires a thorough understanding of likely or possible future situations and also the ability to balance a large number of controllable and uncontrollable parameters. However, the time now given to decision makers to reach high risk long term decision is decreasing. The economic structure of an industry is not an accident. Its complexities are the result of long-term social trends and economic forces. But its effects on you as a business manager are immediate because it determines the competitive rules and strategic decisions which make. Learning about that structure will provide essential insight for your business strategy and it will help to make decisions. Every aspect of management in the modern age relies heavily on information and technology to succeed. It is an important reserve needed to develop assets. Strategic Decision making and planning has been a topic of considerable importance and interest to Information System professionals in both the business and academic communities since the 1970s. Decision making and planning is recognized as a critical competitiveness issue. Today, because information systems (IS) and information technology (IT) serve as the driver of many organizational transformations, there is increased pressure on organizations to leverage their investments in technology and information systems. Success usually occurs when an organization is able to achieve congruence between IS and IT with organizational decision making and planning, and this is achieved when the technical and general managers of an organization work collaboratively. The strategic decision making and planning process is intended to ensure that technology activities are properly aligned with the evolving needs and strategies of the organization. This paper will examine the research on this ever-important topic and suggest a process that will assist in the achievement of decision making and planning success. Over the years, many organizations have made technology decisions and acquisitions that impact organizational information systems (IS) on the basis of what they believe or recommendations from vendors or colleagues from other organizations. The end result of this approach toward decision making and expenditure of funds has been quite unpredictable. The pervasive nature of IS IT in todays organizations coupled with increased pressure to leverage technology assets has dramatically increased the importance of strategic information systems planning (Bechor, Neuman, Zviran and Glezer, 2009). Today, most organizations insist that technology and IS related decisions be made with a clear understanding of business and organization strategy and direction. Hoque, Sambamurthy, Zmud, Trainer, and Wilson, (2005) in Winning the 3 Legged Race define alignment as the situation in which a companys current and emerging business strategy is enabled, supported and unconstrained by technology. Piccoli (2008, p. 155) states that organizations achieve a high degree of fit and consonance between priorities and activities of the IS function and the strategic direction of the firm when they are able to achieve this so called strategic alignment. Alignment has become one of the top issues and concerns of IS management executives (Gutierrez, Orozco, and Serrano, 2009). A framework that helps to clarify the importance of information systems in todays organizations is the Information Systems Strategy Triangle. The message conveyed by the triangle is that it is important for the three elements of the triangle, namely Business, Organizational and Information Systems strategies to align with and complement each other. It is important to note that Business Strategy resides at the top of the triangle. The triangle is depicted as follows (Pearlson and Saunders, 2010, p.23). There are no shortcuts to the strategic decision making process. Preparatory steps that ensure that business, organizational and information systems and technology used are aligned in a complementary fashion, are extremely important. Internal and external assessments need to be addressed, and the overall role of technology and information systems within the organization must be determined. A sense of how much should be spent on technology initiatives is also mandated. The most important point to remember is that the decision making process for technology must be part of the overall business plan. Practically speaking, strategy states the direction we want to go and how we intend to get there, and a plan depicts a view of the future that guides current day decision making (McNurlin, Sprague, and Bui, 2009). Organizations need to develop a strategic planning process in order to provide a context for decision making. Deciding on the type of tools to use in the decision making process is neither straightforward nor simple. The process is complex, there is not a single best approach, and arriving at a single best methodology for a specific organization is nearly impossible. As a result, many organizations utilize a combination of approaches. Decision making using information systems and technology was previously the work of technology and systems professionals. It has now changed to be a collaborative planning challenge of parties including top managers, business unit managers, technology and systems professionals, and sometimes external stakeholders such as customers and alliance partners (Ruohonen, 1996). Thus, planning and decision making becomes a partnership among those with technical skills, the information systems group, and the general and functional managers of the organization. This process requires discussion, clarification, negotiation and the achievement of a mutual understanding (Piccoli, 2008; McNurlin, et al., 2009). With todays rapidly evolving technology advances, along with the somewhat unpredictable emergence of new competitors brought about by the Internet, organizations do not have a year to develop a plan, several years to implement the plan, and a three to five year useful life for the decision making plan. Everything that is technology-related moves at a rapid pace and change is inherent in the adoption of new technology and ISs. Due to the rapidly changing technology environment, many feel that a sense and respond approach to planning is appropriate. When apparent opportunities appear, organizations need to respond quickly in order to take advantage (McNurlin, et al., 2009). Some rapid responses may be viewed later as failed experiments, but that may prove to be better than a lost opportunity. In the preliminary planning preparation, those responsible for the planning process must decide which combination, if any, of the above planning techniques to employ as the process is designed. Generally as methodologies are developed, four elements for consideration emerge. They include an opinion of what needs to be solved, defined techniques on what has to be doneand when to do it, advice on how to manage the quality of deliverables, and a tool kit to facilitate process (Ishak and Alias, 2005). Most processes also include a situation analysis in the form of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT). This analysis addresses the organizations internal and external influences, strategy formulation, and specific goals along with tactical and operational plans for achieving the goals (Semiawan and Middleton, 1999). Technology and information systems play an ever-increasing role in todays organizational environment. Because of the rapidly changing nature of technology developments, it is sometimes difficult to employ standard planning processes. The primary guideline for information systems planning is that the planning process must be designed and conducted in alignment with organizational and business plans. Most organizations now agree that IS is an important strategic organizational resource that can provide strategic advantage and boost business performance (Brown, 2004). As part of their plan, many organizations have adopted a sense and respond position with regard to opportunities that may present themselves. Often, a scenario development approach that looks to possible future developments is essential to help combat the rapid rate of technology change. There are multiple planning tools available for the strategic information systems planning process. Choosing the tools that meet the needs of the organization and lend focus to the desired areas of emphasis is critical. Finally, organizations should consider the introduction of technology-driven approaches to planning to help with speed, efficiency, flexibility and communications. 2.1 Preliminary Literature Review: For the past 15 years, many apparel companies have been actively monitoring their supply chains. Throughout, the majority has looked to factory owners and managers to wants to make decisions to changes in factory conditions and operations to comply with local laws and meet brand compliance requirements. To meet requirements, demands were placed on suppliers to increase wages, minimize excessive overtime hours, secure freedom of association, and improve health and safety systems for workers. Simultaneously, brands were dictating lower and lower prices for products. Increasing demand for products at lower prices frequently prevents suppliers from having the resources necessary to abide by the standards laid out in codes of conduct. Information Engineering is a technique for extracting the meaning contained in information that is needed by a user to make a right decision. Information is the raw material of human thinking, but it is the meaning and understanding that is the raw material of decision thinking, and the human decision maker acquires this meaning and understanding from the message content of the information. The process by which raw data is translated into decisions is depicted in the Data-to-Decision Cycle model . This low information utilization occurs because the user does not have enough diagnostic time to acquire the vital information buried in the report. Therefore, the goal should be to optimize the quality of the messages transmitted through the interface from the information system to the human user. Information Engineering assists in this process. Chapter 3 3.1 Methodology: For the purposes of conducting this project, the quantitative methodology was adopted as it had stronger ties with the aims and objectives of this work compared to the other types such as the qualitative and ethnographic methodologies. With the quantitative methodology several quantities may need to be measured, analyzed and results presented as evidence to justify any conclusions that may be drawn. This contrasts with qualitative methodology which focuses on subjective matters like behavior and perception. It is however acknowledged that minor elements involving qualitative analysis such as observations may also need to be made to be made occasionally to help advance an argument. Other, two research approaches notably, descriptive and analytical approaches would be used in conjunction with the quantitative methodology to execute this project. The descriptive approach would be employed to help describe the usage of IT IS and how it is important to the strategic decisions making whil es the analytical approach would be useful in analyzing all secondary data collected for the purposes of this work as well as help to assess experimental outcomes. 3.2 Primary Research: Primary research is used to collect data for the case study. Types of primary data collection methods include: Qualitative research : There are four major methods used by qualitative researches such as observation, analyzing text and documents, interview and focus groups Quantitative research : Major quantitative research methods are using literature, using technology and statistics 3.3 Secondary Research: Secondary research was carried out to gather information of existing data   as well as evaluate and integrate the information from the various sources in order to answer specific research questions. During the secondary research will be looking forward to gather information about advertising and brands in books and periodicals by using library resources. Case studies will be used for gather additional information such as pros cons about the research topic .Case studies included the aims and objectives of several advertisements and a general critic of their design. Since case studies demonstrate examples from the real world, it will help to improve the deep understanding and analysis on real situations. 3.4 Data Collection: DZ Group Ltd, is an independent medium scale apparel garment which is based in London South Gate which is established in 1980s. The case study has been conducted in aid of said company. Prior to the initiation of the project following methods has been used for data collection.. Interviews : an interview was carried out by the author with the contact person at the sponsor company. Interviews are highly formalized and structured using standard questioners. The interviews were carried out as Structured interviews: used standard specified questioners and refer to each individual participant. This interview was documented and provided pertinent information used in the development of the Terms of Reference for the project. Semi structures interview: used standard specified questioners and additional questions has been asked of individual participants. Questionnaires or Surveys : A questionnaire is an enquiry tool that consists of a series of standard questions used for the purpose of gathering useful information from individual participant.

The Man Behind Hubble: Bob Williams :: Shuttle Astronomy Space Essays

The Man Behind Hubble: Bob Williams Four weeks after space-walking shuttle Endeavour astronauts repaired the Hubble Space Telescope in December 1993, an ecstatic Maryland Senator Barbara Mikulski waved a Hubble picture of the core of the spiral galaxy M100 at her naysaying colleagues. Today, Mikulski could host a Capitol Hill star party: The orbiting telescope has generated more than 100,000 photos of celestial objects, including a cemetery of dying stars, elephant trunks of dust and hydrogen gas twisting in the Eagle Nebula, jovian storms and aurorae, the rocky rings of Saturn and the colossal supernova smoke rings blown from an exploded star, to list a few. Hubble's pictures do double duty not only as congressional lobbying props, but also as screen savers, T-shirt prints, calendar photos, a background for the "Babylon 5" science fiction TV series and even planet trading cards to be provided soon to schoolchildren. One of the most electrifying pictures of all, the Hubble Deep Field image began literally as a shot in the dark: the sum of 342 exposures taken with Hubble's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 in December 1995 of a black speck of northern sky. Although the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet impact on Jupiter may have generated a bigger media splash, astronomers still are agog over the Deep Field. Aides to Vice President Al Gore ordered a Deep Field poster from the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), which manages the Hubble's science program under contract with NASA. Borrowing a page from Mikulski, Gore plans to use the Deep Field poster to promote scientific research in the next millennium. In an age of cost-cutting and smaller-is-preferred, the $3 billion Hubble has demonstrated that bigger can be better: The telescope attracted 1,298 proposals for observing time during its next annual cycle that began in July, an increase of 30 percent from the previous cycle and more than had been rece ived by any other U.S. telescope or NASA project. Ever. A driving force behind Hubble's scientific mission, particularly the Deep Field, is astronomer Bob Williams, 56, who took over as director of the STScI a few months before the 1993 repair mission. Like Hubble itself, Williams began his astronomy career with high promise, then was written off as lacking focus. Both have rebounded spectacularly. Williams is admired as an articulate champion of astronomy with a penchant for accomplishment. "There is not a devious molecule in his body," says Ray Weymann, an astronomer at the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California, who spent many nights collaborating with Williams in the quiet and darkness of telescope towers.