An Existential Psychiatrist Who Suffered From...

R.D. Laing was an existential psychiatrist who suffered from schizophrenia for quite some time. R.D. Laing wrote The Divided Self when he was 28 years old. This book looks at schizoid and schizophrenic people and the aim of the book is to make madness understandable. He wanted to understand a distressed individual s mind from inside out. R.D. Laing had great significance for schizophrenia and had a desire for treating schizophrenia. Laing criticized Freud s theory of psychoanalysis because he thought that the theory was doubtful. He thought the theory was doubtful because Freud did not have a satisfactory theory for treating psychosis because Freud s theory would try to find an explanation for treating insanity whereas Laing s work was to understand and comprehend the world of an insane person. The first two chapters of The Divided Self set out Laing s theoretic oppositions to the psychoanalytical approach. He also provides explanations for the use of the existential approach. The fo llowing chapters give notions of Laing s ideas about ontological insecurity, the false self-system and self-consciousness into clear existential psychology. One of the most intriguing parts of The Divided Self was ‘ontological insecurity , where a person avoids having a relationship with others for fear of being engulfed by the world. He believed that ontological insecurity was crucial for schizoid and schizophrenic experiences and was caused by abnormal family relationships. R.D.Show MoreRelatedMiss5870 Words   |  24 PagesGeneral comments on Assignment 02 We were pleased that many students submitted Assignment 02 which was also compulsory for examination admission. The aim of Assignment 02 was to help students to work through the second part of the syllabus. Students who submitted Assignment 02 will receive a computer printout containing the following information: (a) the correct answers (b) your own answers and (c) the mark you obtained. If you submitted your assignment on time and have not yet received such a printoutRead MoreEssay on Piaget vs. Jung4984 Words   |  20 Pagesreceived world wide acclaim and recognition , as well as having a positive impact in areas such as education and social curricula. Though he had made an impact on understanding of the child cognitive development , his theory of cognitive development has suffered a great deal of critics that it neglects the social nature of human development.(Hook, Watts and Cockroft ,2002).So the following essay will discuss on whether this critic is valid or not based on deta il discussion of Piaget theory. The theory ofRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Chapter Mood Disorders5762 Words   |  24 Pagesdepressive neuroses One of the symptoms of a mood disorder is called anhedonia, which means: A. a feeling of worthlessness B. an altered pattern of sleep C. indecisiveness D. an inability to experience pleasure 3. Mood disorders can range from mild to severe; the most severe type of depression is called: A. major depressive disorder B. dysthymia C. cyclothymia D. profound depression 4. Most episodes of major depression are time-limited, i.e., lasting up to 3333, although about 10%

Where The Sidewalk Ends And Abbigoles Our Corrupt Society

According to Oxford’s dictionary, a utopia is an imaginary place or state in which everything is perfect. But in today’s world everything does not work out, so there is a lasting feeling to conjure that everyone lives perfectly to block out the current state of affairs. Throughout Shel Silverstein’s Where the Sidewalk Ends and Abbigole’s Our Corrupt Society, there is a direct link to the theme of the illusion and reality of something that relates to the ultimate impact of societies today using poetic devices and literary terms. The positive connotation of â€Å"the grass grows soft and white† (Silverstein 3) reflects on this place being something magical and illusionist, as grass realistically does not grow white. This connotation invokes the†¦show more content†¦The metaphor from Where The Sidewalk Ends, where it compares the air to peppermint (6), it gives the understanding of the pleasant and sweet utopia that is constantly dreamt of. Peppermint is a sweet, sentimental feeling that is coined with the reunion of families over the winter holidays, and it holds a significant meaning to the perfect world as an enticing aroma. With the natural scents and sights tuned perfectly, including the sun burning â€Å"crimson bright† (4) solidifies the quintessential environment that everyone desires. This gives a comparison between a renowned smell with a flawless place, showing infinite ideal factors in the conceived utopia. In the poem Our Corrupt Society, it strikes back the thought of atrocious things that happen currently, with enjambment used after the line, â€Å"Who are the real killers now?† (27). This suddenly triggers the burning ideas of lack of forgiveness and the will to take revenge on others for past actions. Using the poetic device here pauses the reader for a moment and has them reflect on wars of hatred among races to friends breaking up after a conflict, events that happened because one side felt they were cheated, and the other side felt the same thing. People all deserve â€Å"love† (21) and â€Å"compassion† (6), but the current society doesn’t understand how much these words are necessary to divert away from dystopia.

The Need for Better Mental Health Care Free Essays

Introduction Many individuals who woke up this morning wished that they should have never done so at all. There are those who are about to go to bed praying that they will not have any more tomorrows to face. While some who are at work, sitting through their classes at school, or fixing their children’s lunches are wondering what have become of their lives and what more potential does the bleak future offer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Better Mental Health Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, there are those whose family and friends are mourning already, never quite understanding why an apparently healthy human being would end his own life. One common thread unites all these people and events: mental depression. This paper looks at the need for more mental health care services in order to better help people suffering from this condition and thus provide hope for them and for their families. Gravity of Mental Illness Few individuals realize the gravity of a mental illness such as depression in another human’s life. For some, the state of being depressed is a choice, and a person can easily â€Å"snap out of it† if only they would think positively and cut all the drama. Mental illnesses just like depression, is a medical condition, an actual disease of the mind that is not easily fixed with mere will power. People sick with flu or colds are not asked to cure themselves, hence, why should depressed individuals bear their sufferings alone and without any care? It is a relief, nonetheless, that depression is not anymore new. Millions of individuals have it and millions are also seeking the necessary treatment and medication to get on with their lives. However, recognizing and acknowledging the problem, as opposed to ignoring it, is the first step towards recovery. From the early philosophers, scholars and scientists’ perspectives, depression is a mystery caused by unknown powers in the universe. Based from early accounts, depressed or melancholic people demonstrate bizarre behavior, in which nobody could pinpoint the reason behind. Symptoms range from extreme sadness and lack of zeal in life to drastic mood changes. With the gradual development of modern scientific processes and correspondence among experts, specialists were able to define depression, identified its symptoms, and tried to discover its causes and remedies. Mental Health Facilities Traditional psychiatric hospitals and private psychiatrists and psychologists have been unable to meet the growing need for mental health services. The trend has been to develop local mental health clinics that offer the services of psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, psychiatric nurses, family therapists and others. Emergency help is rendered to persons with acute mental disorders as well as to persons with chronic emotional problems. Short-term counselling and psychotherapy are usually provided. Programs are planned to deal with problems involving school, family, marriage partners, drug and alcohol abuse, and adolescence. Night clinics and suicide prevention centers are often established if a need exists. A person in need of immediate assistance is frequently helped by phone â€Å"hotline† services, manned by counselors and others, such as trained volunteers. Many non-traditional facilities have been established to meet the needs of local area. An example of such a facility is a psychiatric day care center which was developed in a sparsely populated rural area in Michigan. Lacking funds to support a traditional psychiatric day care center, a psychiatric nursing consultant sought lay volunteers and used facilities in a community church to set up a program. This program was designed to maintain and support persons referred by the local hospital psychiatric service and the community mental health center outpatient service. The nurse spent two hours one day a week as a group therapist. She also acted as a consultant to the volunteers. The program successfully met its objectives. It has grown from one group and one volunteer to three groups and thirty volunteers. Person-Centered Therapy Person-centered therapy is differentiated from other forms of therapy because of its â€Å"focus on the importance of the therapeutic relationship for effective therapy† (Josefowitz Myran 2005). The person-centered approach was founded by acclaimed American counselor and psychotherapist, Carl Rogers (Kirschenbaum 2004). Early during his career, Rogers witnessed how stubborn a client could become and all together reject therapy even if it is for his betterment. He then saw that patients could resist â€Å"even the most skilful therapist intervention† if such intervention is against his wish or purpose. Rogers realized the loopholes in the popular practices of his times for failing to incite effective client participation. He pondered on a new approach based on his understanding that â€Å"it is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried.† Rogers was the first to employ the â€Å"non-directive† approach. It was a unique method where the counselor does not question, interpret, advice, suggest or offer any directive remarks on the patient, he only listens. The therapist carefully reflect the patient’s thoughts back to him, with the idea of helping him realize his issues and then decide on his own the direction of his self-actualization. It was this non-directive method that applied the initiative that persons going into psychotherapies are not helpless individuals at the mere mercy of their psychotherapists’ designs. Clients can wilfully determine how their treatment should go because they are â€Å"responsible clients† who knows what aspects of their lives and personality need to be treated. His method has such respect for its patients that it assumes the key to a person’s self-actualization lies on the person and not on external influences (therapists or counselors). One of Roger’s important ideas that still have its impact today and is crucial to the personal approach is that a â€Å"counselor’s attitude is as important as his techniques† (Kirschenbaum 2004) Depression as a Mental Health Issue Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health medical cases in the United States today with about 18 million Americans or 9.5 percent of the population affected. The problem of depression is not to be taken lightly, nor set aside as sheer caprice of a problematic person. Medical institutions including the United State’s National Institute of Mental Health declared it as a serious â€Å"real illness,† not just because of its prevalence, but also because of its effect on the lives of the afflicted individuals. Monetary expenses is a give fact when seeking treatment for depression, yet the heavier costs are those that concerns the pains of the individuals, the drudgery they have to face everyday, and the corresponding effect of the situation to their friends and loved ones. Depression has already been observed since the ancient times, even during the prehistoric times. Real efforts to comprehend depression were only apparently undertaken during the time of the Hellenistic Greeks. Later part of history revealed that the growth of psychiatric or psychological science was hampered due to society’s closed mindedness and lack of concern for the mentally ill. Nevertheless, with the sporadic studies now and then, it was discovered that depression was once called â€Å"melancholia† and scientists made quite commendable documentation of the symptoms they observed among melancholic persons (Hollon, 2002). The causes of depression are often summarized into the three classifications of neurobiology, genetics and environment. Neurobiological factors pertain to the abnormalities in neurotransmitters and hormones that affect mood, manner of handling stress, and perspective of traumatic situations. Genetics, as the name implies, refers to the inheritance of potential depression-causing gene traits within the family. There is no solid proof of the existence of this gene so far, although there are relevant studies made to suggest that genetics may indeed play a role. Besides the number of cases of within-family depression speaks for itself. The last factor, triggers environmental depression brought about by emotionally taxing events that are not easily forgotten or set aside, so that it comes to haunt the person and affect his normal life. Depression may also be learned when the thought of powerlessness is so internalised. The person feels depressed with that thought that whatever actions will not merit any change or improvement. Conclusion Health Plans generally fall into three categories based on how they are organized to deliver/pay for care. HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) deliver services through provider networks and may use a member’s primary care provider as a ‘gatekeeper’ to more specialized services. PPOs (Preferred Provider Organizations) generally allow access to any provider, with some cost savings to a member for using providers in the network. Indemnity plans are traditional insurance products with defined cash payments, and no network limitations. At present, prevalent types of Health Plans are HMOs and PPOs   (Health Plan). Effective policy and decision-making cannot be made in a vacuum, and is committed to providing the most comprehensive data possible. Taking that into consideration, public Health Plan performance must be well studied and its data analyzed. The HMO as well as other health care delivery systems must unite in order to address this issue since they are all important and adequate means of health care for many consumers with mental health problems. REFERENCES Beck. A. (1967). Depression. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Grnblatt, E. (2006, November 3). Depression; New depression research has been reported   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   by scientists at Ludwig Boltzmann Institute. Genomics Genetics Weekly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved Feb. 8, 2007   http://proquest.umi.com/ pqdweb?did=1151092561Fmt=3clientId=11123RQT=309VName=PQD Hollon, D.S., Thase, M.E. Markowitz, J.C. (2002, November). Treatment and Prevention of Depression. Psychological Science, 3,   39. Retrieved Feb. 8, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=233500451sid=5Fmt=2cli entId=11123RQT=309VName=PQD How to cite The Need for Better Mental Health Care, Essay examples

To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships Essay Example

To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships? Essay When looking at this question it is important to define what could be meant by the term relationships. What the word immediately connotes is an emotional connection between a couple. A lot of Hardys poetry concerns this type of relationship but he is by not so narrow that this is his only subject matter. However the broader definition of just any state of connectedness may also be taken into account when coming to a conclusion. Hardys most positive poem about relationships is When I Set Out For Lyonesse. It was written after a trip to Cornwall in which he met Emma Gifford who later became his wife. At the start of the poem the landscape is cold and desolate and love feels a hundred miles away. He does not describe what happened whilst he was there and he creates an aura of mystery around the Arthurian Lyonesse. The importance of Lyonesse is emphasised by its repetition within the poem. The mystery is enhanced when he proclaims that no prophet or wisest wizard could guess what would bechance at Lyonesse. He himself seems incredulous that he could find love because the outlook in the first stanza is so decidedly bleak. When he returns he is transformed by what has happened and magic is in his eyes. He has a radiance which, unlike the macrocosmical starlight, comes from within. Love is portrayed as something remote, rare and capable of bringing about a magical transformation. His relationship with Emma Gifford transforms him and this poem reflects that transformation. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When I Set Out For Lyonesse demonstrates just one of the ways a relationship is presented. Hardys experience of relationships is a varied one. Neutral Tones and We Sat At The Window present relationships soured by apathy. In Neutral Tones the relationship has stagnated; he has become a tedious riddle to her and when they do speak it only serves to diminish their love further. The atmosphere created is bleak and stripped bare of all fertility. Even the sun is devoid of all colour and grayish leaves lie on the ground. In We Sat At The Window two silent figures stare outside into the rain. The continually falling rain is incongruous with the season but its dynamism also marks the passing of time. As the time stretches on they remain silent and Hardy remarks, wasted were two souls in their prime However, here Hardy portrays a wasted potential because they dont grasp how much they have yet to discover in each other. The relationship in Neutral Tones is decrepit; it has run its course and the only strength it has left is the strength to die. Both poems are dominated by a relationship but not in the same way that Lyonesse is. Hardy is enamoured in Lyonesse but how was he to know that, given a few years, this relationship could fade into Neutral Tones? Retrospectively we know that the state of happiness portrayed in Lyonesse did not last. Hardy lamented his treatment of Emma Gifford after her death in 1912. The poems written between 1912 and 1913 are consumed by Veteris Vestigia Flammae. His relationship with Emma Gifford is definitely the dominant theme in this collection. There is both the relationship between the two when she was alive and his relationship with the dead Emma. In The Voice his dead wife is addressed directly. Hardy hears Emma call to him and call to me is repeated throughout the poem to mimic what he hears in his mind. The metrical composition of the poem is particularly striking and onomatopoeiac. The voice of his wife coming and going in the breeze is suggested by the use of dactyls like call to me, the triple rhymes on lines one and three and the sharp truncation of lines two and four. Hardy constructs the poem to show his increasing doubts; the excitement of the first two stanzas gives way to a deep uncertain ty. He sees her in an air-blue gown, as she was in the prime of their relationship, but by the end she has dissolved into wan witlessness. Questions are asked but no response is given and so he carries on faltering forward. Like in Neutral Tones the landscape mimics the relationship; the leaves are falling and a there is a harsh norward wind. The sense of loss is acute and even at the end he hears the woman calling. In many of the 1912-1913 poems reflect the affect of Emmas death upon his perception. Particular moments are chosen to illustrate the change that has taken place. These are moments that have gained poignancy upon retrospective reflection. In The Walk Hardy juxtaposes the past with the present to try and comprehend the difference. The structure clearly juxtaposes the past against the present. When he walked up the hill in earlier days he was on his own but did not mind because he didnt think of her as left behind. He walks up the hill in the former way and sees that the surroundings are similar, so he asks the, What difference then? He replies that there is an, underlying sense Of the look of a room on returning thence The absence is not physical but metaphysical. This poem demonstrates how the loss of a loved one can affect perception. This very Joycean theme is a recurrent one, especially in the 1912-1913 poems. In Beeny Cliff Hardy looks back to a moment where his wife was present. He looks back on an idyllic clear-sunned March Day and the tone is far less emotionally removed than that of The Walk. The first three stanzas are full of colour and light-hearted joy, even though there is darkness it is only temporary and the, sun [bursts] out again After the first three stanzas Hardy shifts; March is nigh and Beeny Cliff is chasmal. This clearly illustrates his shift in perception owing to her death. This idea is again presented in The Going when, upon her death, he sees, morning harden upon the wall The Going has an immediacy that many of his other poems lack. It is Hardys first attempt to come to terms with the death of Emma and is written in the aftermath of her death. Unlike the death in After The Last Breath no sense of numb relief; unlike his mothers death Emmas death came relatively unexpected. The emotions are raw and the tone fluctuates between accusatory and remorseful. He asks why she gave no hint of her death which has altered all. He accuses Emma of indifference but then goes on to regret their lack of communication before her death. Finally at the end of the poem resigns himself to the fact that Alls past amend. He says that her death has [undone] him and he is a dead man held on end. Though their relationship before death was not particularly cordial her death has affected him deeply. Though relationships are a dominant theme in a lot of Hardys poetry they are by no means the only theme. One subject which surfaces in nearly all of his poetry is the natural world. The natural world is used as a device to reflect emotions in, what T.S Eliot called, an objective correlative. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy to illustrate the deep emotional connection he feels with nature. It could be argued that, in the broad sense of the word relationship, these poems are in fact about relationships. Hardy shows the intrinsic relationship between the human being and the natural world. In Beeny Cliff the sea is opal and sapphire when Emma is alive, reflecting Hardys happiness. After Emma has died the cliff is chasmal and is representative of the divide which separates the two. In The Waterfall nature seems to, add to the rhyme of love In Neutral Tones shows a couples apathy towards each other mirrored by the colourless autumn landscape. In Beeny Cliff the seasons are also utilised; it is a clear-sunned March day which traditionally represents a time of fertility and joy. Later on in the poem March is used ironically; he returns to Beeny Cliff on a March day but there is no longer any joy. In We Sat At The Window July the seasons are used ironically again. Even though they are two people in their prime they are wasted: even though it is July it is raining. The scene is incongruous and they are irked by it. This contrasts sharply with The Waterfall in which a moment of pure happiness takes place in the burn of August. Hardy came from a rural background and he felt an deep connection with the natural world. In Throwing A Tree Hardy shows an altruistic concern for nature. He uses an emotive lexis to describe the cutting down of a tree. The workmen are deemed executioners and his personification of the proud tree evokes pathos. At the end of the poem he laments that, Two hundred years steady growth has been ended in less than two hours The incursion of modernism into the natural world is portrayed in a brutal light. This seems an inversion of the fleeting nature of human life in the face of the longevity of nature conveyed in many of his other poems. Nature is often portrayed as a constant which Hardy looks to as a measure of human frailty. This theme really comes to its head in the 1912-13 poems; despite the death of his wife the world continues and he is reminded of his own mortality. In Beeny Cliff the waves are, engrossed in saying their ceaseless babbling say The waves move forward mechanically like time. Though the waves might have seemed far away when they were together, time has caught up with them. Time has now taken Emma to a place where she, No longer cares for Beeny and will laugh there nevermore This is also seen in At Castle Boterel. Hardy imagines that his own subjective memories can surpass the objective facts of time. However, these memories are a phantom figure which is fading as Hardys sand is sinking. When Hardy dies no record of them ever being there will remain because none will remember it, time, in its unflinching rigour, will have moved on. The rocks are primeval and have witnessed the Earths long order and will continue to do so once he is gone. Hardy is a being humbled by the idea of time. In The Waterfall he is mesmerised by the, The purl of a runlet that never ceases In stir of kingdoms, in wars, in peaces; Hardy feels sorely the ache of modernism. In many poems he reviles or tries to shun the encroaching modern world. He escapes the towns in Wessex Heights to go to a place where he can find some liberty. This is one of the dominant ideas arising from Hardys poetry and his books. The Darkling Thrush was written at the end of the 19th century and reflects his deep pessimism. Hardy is in a desolate landscape and night is approaching. He sees the, Centurys corpse outleant And with references to a crypt and the winds death-lament he seems to be at the funeral of the century. The pulse of the earth seems hard and dry and this loss of fertility is reminiscent of Neutral Tones. However this is far more macrocosmical than Neutral Tones, it is not just two lovers who are fervourless, it is, every spirit upon earth. Out of the darkness arises the thrush who sings out in joy illimited. Though the thrush is as frail and gaunt as Hardy it still shows a defiant optimism. The thrushs song causes Hardy to reflect upon his own pessimism. He looks upon terrestrial things and sees no reason for such ecstatic sounds and at the end he is unaware of such Hope. The diction in this poem is highly suggestive; the use of darkling reflects his state of mind whilst also alluding to the poem Dover Beach by Mathew Arnold about the erosion of faith in the 19th century. The morals of the 19th century trouble Hardy quite deeply. In A Sunday Morning Tragedy he tells the story of a girl who falls pregnant outside wedlock. Her lover refuses to marry her and thus, in fear of the shame that would be cast upon her, she tries to abort her baby with a potion but dies. Hardy criticises the fact that her plight is scorned in Christendie. A similar situation occurs in Tess of the DUrbervilles and Hardy remarks that her shame is, Based on nothing more tangible than a sense of condemnation under an arbitrary law of society which had no foundation in Nature. Hardy advocates the plight of women who have to bare the brunt of such shame. In the poem the girls mother declares, O women! Scourged the worst are we. One of the underlying subjects in Hardys poetry is his agnosticism. In Hap he believes his life is dictated by casualty and not by the will of god. Hardy asks for a vengeful god; his view of the world is such that, if it were to be the product of any higher power, it is a ruthless one. He believes that random chance, or hap, dictates his suffering. He explicitly links pilgrimage with pain through alliteration; he is referencing the sacrificial element of religion. Throughout the rest of the poems it is the lack of religion which remarkable. In the poems written after the death of his wife few religious references are made, this is quite unusual. . In Beeny Cliff Hardy is unsure where his wife is; the previously regular rhythm jars at -elsewhere-to illustrate Hardys uncertainty in regards to the afterlife. Some of Hardys views could be seen as quite pagan. When he describes laying his wife to rest in I Found Her Out There he uses many natural images like loamy and nest, this burial ap pears quite heathen. In Voices From Things Growing in a Churchyard he imagines the dead becoming part of nature, in the first line one of the dead declares, These flowers are I Another topic which Hardy writes about is war. In Drummer Hodge a simple country boy from Wessex has become permanently transplanted under the foreign constellations of Africa. Hodge has been fighting in the Boer and is laid to rest in a crude grave. Hodge was a somewhat derogatory term for an agricultural labourer and Hardy disliked such words. In The Man He Killed, another poem about the Boer war, Hardy remarks on the absurdity of killing someone whom, Youd treat if met where any bar is, Or help to half-a-crown. Hardys portrayal of war is more negative in Channel Firing. The noise of gunnery practice out to sea [shakes] the coffins of the dead and they think it could be Judgement-day. God informs them that all is just as before and the world is as it used to be. As an omniscient being God understands the repetitive cycle of war. In light of this cycle God says they are mad as hatters. No comfort is offered when God says its a blessed thing that for some of them it is not Judgement Day because otherwise theyd have to scour Hells floor. The poem ends with the guns firing again and the place names over which the sound can be heard are deliberate. They are three vestiges of past civilisations that inevitably fought wars as well. Hardy is not overly vitriolic in his commentary on war. For the most part he portrays its absurdity and futility but it is important to note that these poems were written before the atrocities of 1914. In the narrow sense of the word, relationships do not completely dominate Hardys poetry. They are a common subject area but relationships are not an underlying presence throughout all of his poems. The significance of relationships in his poem varies owing to contextual reasons. In the 1912-1913 poems relationships are dominant because the poems were written in the aftermath of his wifes death. Many of the poems deal with other matters such as; war, faith and the natural world. However it is wrong to think of subject matter as something which is mutually exclusive. For example relationships closely interlink with the natural world in poems such as Neutral Tones and Beeny Cliff. If the word relationship is studied in its broadest sense as a state of connectedness then relationships do indeed dominate Hardys poetry. Numerous relationships occur: the relationships between people, the relationship between people and the natural world and the relationship between man and god are just a fe w examples. Again, using this definition it could be said that all poetry is dominated by relationships. Not forgetting one of the most important relationships the relationship between the reader and the writer.

Free Essays on Feminization Of Poverty

The Feminization of Poverty The majority of the 1.5 billion people living on 1 dollar a day or less are women. In addition, the gap between women and men caught in the cycle of poverty has continued to widen in the past decade, a phenomenon commonly referred to as "the feminization of poverty". Worldwide, women earn on average slightly more than 50 per cent of what men earn. Women living in poverty are often denied access to critical resources such as credit, land and inheritance. Their labour goes unrewarded and unrecognized. Their health care and nutritional needs are not given priority, they lack sufficient access to education and support services, and their participation in decision-making at home and in the community are minimal. Caught in the cycle of poverty, women lack access to resources and services to change their situation. The Platform for Action adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, identified the eradication of the persistent and increasing burden of poverty on women as one of the 12 critical areas of concern requiring special attention and action by the international community, governments and civil society. The United Nations Commission on the Status of Women discussed the issue of women and poverty at its fortieth session in 1996, and proposed further action to be taken by UN member states and the international community, including the mainstreaming of a gender perspective in all poverty eradication policies and programmes. Among the agreed conclusions of the session were measures aimed at policies to ensure that all women have adequate economic and social protection during unemployment, ill health, maternity, child-bearing, widowhood, disability and old age; and that women, men and society share responsibilities for child and other dependant care. Women are the World's Poor An important achievement of the Beijing Conference has been the recognition by ... Free Essays on Feminization Of Poverty Free Essays on Feminization Of Poverty The Feminization of Poverty The majority of the 1.5 billion people living on 1 dollar a day or less are women. In addition, the gap between women and men caught in the cycle of poverty has continued to widen in the past decade, a phenomenon commonly referred to as "the feminization of poverty". Worldwide, women earn on average slightly more than 50 per cent of what men earn. Women living in poverty are often denied access to critical resources such as credit, land and inheritance. Their labour goes unrewarded and unrecognized. Their health care and nutritional needs are not given priority, they lack sufficient access to education and support services, and their participation in decision-making at home and in the community are minimal. Caught in the cycle of poverty, women lack access to resources and services to change their situation. The Platform for Action adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, identified the eradication of the persistent and increasing burden of poverty on women as one of the 12 critical areas of concern requiring special attention and action by the international community, governments and civil society. The United Nations Commission on the Status of Women discussed the issue of women and poverty at its fortieth session in 1996, and proposed further action to be taken by UN member states and the international community, including the mainstreaming of a gender perspective in all poverty eradication policies and programmes. Among the agreed conclusions of the session were measures aimed at policies to ensure that all women have adequate economic and social protection during unemployment, ill health, maternity, child-bearing, widowhood, disability and old age; and that women, men and society share responsibilities for child and other dependant care. Women are the World's Poor An important achievement of the Beijing Conference has been the recognition by ...

The 3 Types of Compounds

The 3 Types of Compounds The 3 Types of Compounds The 3 Types of Compounds By Mark Nichol This post discusses the three types of compounds in English: compound nouns, compound modifiers, and compound verbs. Compound Nouns Compound nouns come in three forms: closed, hyphenated, and open. They are formed by pairing multiple combinations of parts of speech, such as two nouns (workshop), a preposition and a noun (overlord), and a verb and an adverb (smackdown). Open compound nouns, which tend to be newer formations such as â€Å"life span† and â€Å"working class,† may consist of more than two words; these phrases are often adopted foreign terms such as â€Å"persona non grata† and â€Å"tour de force,† although phrases can also be compiled by combining two words into an open compound and then combining that set phrase with another, as when science and fiction team up and then unite with writer. Hyphenation is usually a transitional phase between open and closed forms, but some words get stuck in this intermediary form; examples include by-product, light-year, life-form, and mind-set. Writers often style the these words as closed compounds, however, indicating that the closed forms may ultimately prevail. Hyphenated compound nouns that are likely to remain transitional include self-respect and well-being, although these, too, are sometimes erroneously treated as closed compounds. Other hyphenated forms include compounds consisting of verbs connected to prepositions, resulting in nouns as go-between, follow-through, send-off, and start-up. (Startup is a common variation of the last word, mirroring words such as checkup and makeup, which until just a few decades ago were routinely written check-up and make-up, but start-up is still the favored form.) Hyphenated compounds, like open compounds, may consist of more than two words, as in the case of mise-en-scà ¨ne and will-o’-the-wisp. Closed compounds include afterthought, caregiver, and lifetime. Forms of compound nouns are often arbitrary, and an element in common does not guarantee consistency, as shown in the examples â€Å"road trip† and roadblock. Some compounds are formed from elements of words rather than full words, as in the case of the technological terms bit (from â€Å"binary digit†) and pixel (from â€Å"picture element†), which both pertain to units of data. Such words are sometimes formed in other languages from English vocabulary, as in the case of the Russian term kompromat (â€Å"compromising material†). However, common and proper nouns such as radar (formed from â€Å"radio detection and ranging†) and NASA (which stands for â€Å"National Aeronautics and Space Administration†) are considered acronyms, not compounds. Compound Modifiers Similarly, compound modifiers, which describe a noun (and are often, as on this site, referred to as phrasal adjectives), may be open, hyphenated, or closed. Several categories of open compounds, which remain open rather than hyphenated even when they preced the noun they modify, exist. They include permanent compounds such as â€Å"post office† (as in â€Å"post office box†), which are identified as such by meriting their own dictionary entry in noun form; proper names such as â€Å"New York† (as in â€Å"New York subway system†); foreign terms adopted into English such as â€Å"de facto†; unambiguous phrases such as â€Å"Monday morning† (as in â€Å"Monday morning quarterback†); and constructions with least, less, more, and most (as in â€Å"the least important factor†). (But little, much, seldom, and often are connected to verbs with a hyphen to form compound modifiers.) A rule of thumb for compound modifiers is to hyphenate if called for before a noun but leave open after a noun (for example â€Å"a dark-haired woman,† but â€Å"a woman who is dark haired†), unless, as in the case of such words as life-size, quick-witted, and stand-alone, the compound modifier is listed in a dictionary with a hyphen. A combination of an adjective and a noun is often converted into a closed compound adjective. For example, â€Å"long time† (â€Å"a lengthy period†) becomes longtime (â€Å"lasting for a lengthy period†), and â€Å"every day† (â€Å"all days under discussion†) becomes everyday (â€Å"ordinary†). A related usage error that is increasingly pervasive is the lack of a distinction between â€Å"every day† and everyday; one often sees retail signage reading something like â€Å"Storewide savings everyday!† although the writer means â€Å"every day.† (â€Å"Everyday savings storewide† is correct, however, because here the term is employed as an adjective.) Prepositions and adverbs, appearing in an open phrase such as â€Å"over all† (as in â€Å"The fence had fallen over all her flowers†) combine to form adjectives (as in â€Å"It fit an overall pattern†) or adverbs (as in â€Å"Overall, he was disappointed†). Compund Verbs Compound verbs are those formed from a verb and another part of speech to create a new verb. The five types of compound verb, listed with examples, follow: adverb-verb: undermine adjective-verb: downgrade adjective-noun: counterattack noun-verb: sidestep preposition-noun: offbeat Not all compound verbs are closed. Open compound nouns are sometimes pressed into service as compound verbs, becoming hyphenated in the process. Thus, for example, â€Å"spot check† (â€Å"a quick or random inspection†) becomes spot-check (â€Å"undertake a quick or random inspection†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherRunning Amok or Running Amuck?Preposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Nathaniel Bacon''s Declaration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nathaniel Bacon''s Declaration - Coursework Example These is evidenced after he first ignored the interests presented by his majesty and later experienced unjust gains that were full of betrayal from the Indians who were seen taking control of the country after he sold it to them. He also led the Indians against their majesty loyal subjects. These brought out rebellion where the royals failed to make sound choices and caused their downfall because they were not contented with all these was happening around them. Also due to the fact of frequent invasions by robbers’ ad murders, the members became devastated ad dissatisfied with the ruling that William gave them. William tore his people apart when he made them to hate each other which in turn made it for the invaders to attack and tore them a part, these is evidenced by a statement made in consequence eight where it reads, â€Å"For the prevention of civil mischief and ruin amongst ourselves while the barbarous enemy in all places did invade, murder, and spoil us, his Majesty’s most faithful subjects.† These meant he gave them lots of murder even to the loyal people. In conclusion, it is evident that there was division was all over the land that devastated people’s lives and effects in both the social and economic aspects. William with his fear of rebellion, subjected his citizens to lots of debts that made them poorer each day and these weakened them to cause more hatred among each other. The people came to the rescue of Bacon who saw it wise to put the people in economic freedom of which he strived